Exercise intensity
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Exercise intensity refers to how much energy is expended when exercising. Perceived intensity varies with each person. It has been found that intensity has an effect on what fuel the body uses and what kind of adaptations the body makes after exercise. Intensity is the amount of physical power (expressed as a percentage of the maximal oxygen consumption) that the body uses when performing an activity. For example, exercise intensity defines how hard the body has to work to walk a mile in 20 minutes.[1]
Measures of Intensity
[edit]Heart Rate is typically used as a measure of exercise intensity.[2] Heart rate can be an indicator of the challenge to the cardiovascular system that the exercise represents.
The most precise measure of intensity is oxygen consumption (VO2). VO2 represents the overall metabolic challenge that an exercise imposes. There is a direct linear relationship between intensity of aerobic exercise and VO2. Our maximum intensity is a reflection of our maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Such a measurement represents a cardiovascular fitness level.[3]
VO2 is measured in METs (mL/kg/min). One MET, which is equal to 3.5 mL/kg per minute, is considered to be the average resting energy expenditure of a typical human being. Intensity of exercise can be expressed as multiples of resting energy expenditure. An intensity of exercise equivalent to 6 METs means that the energy expenditure of the exercise is six times the resting energy expenditure.[3]
Intensity of exercise can be expressed in absolute or relative terms. For example, two individuals with different measures of VO2 max, running at 7 mph are running at the same absolute intensity (miles/hour) but a different relative intensity (% of VO2 max expended). The individual with the higher VO2 max is running at a lower intensity at this pace than the individual with the lower VO2 max is.[3]
Some studies measure exercise intensity by having subjects perform exercise trials to determine peak power output,[4] which may be measured in watts, heart rate, or average cadence (cycling). This approach attempts to gauge overall workload.
An informal method to determine optimal exercise intensity is the talk test. It states that exercise intensity is “just about right”, when the subject can “just respond to conversation.”[5] The talk test results in similar exercise intensity as the ventilatory threshold and is suitable for exercise prescription.[6]
Intensity Levels
[edit]Exercise is categorized into three different intensity levels. These levels include low, moderate, and vigorous and are measured by the metabolic equivalent of task (aka metabolic equivalent or METs). The effects of exercise are different at each intensity level (i.e. training effect). Recommendations to lead a healthy lifestyle vary for individuals based on age, weight, and existing activity levels. “Published guidelines for healthy adults state that 20-60 minutes of medium intensity continuous or intermittent aerobic activity 3-5 times per week is needed for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and muscular strength.”[7]
| Physical Activity | MET |
|---|---|
| Light Intensity Activities | < 3 |
| sleeping | 0.9 |
| watching television | 1.0 |
| writing, desk work, typing | 1.8 |
| walking, 1.7 mph (2.7 km/h), level ground, strolling, very slow | 2.3 |
| walking, 2.5 mph (4 km/h) | 2.9 |
| Moderate Intensity Activities | 3 to 6 |
| bicycling, stationary, 50 watts, very light effort | 3.0 |
| walking 3.0 mph (4.8 km/h) | 3.3 |
| calisthenics, home exercise, light or moderate effort, general | 3.5 |
| walking 3.4 mph (5.5 km/h) | 3.6 |
| bicycling, <10 mph (16 km/h), leisure, to work or for pleasure | 4.0 |
| bicycling, stationary, 100 watts, light effort | 5.5 |
| Vigorous Intensity Activities | > 6 |
| jogging, general | 7.0 |
| calisthenics (e.g. pushups, situps, pullups, jumping jacks), heavy, vigorous effort | 8.0 |
| running jogging, in place | 8.0 |
| rope jumping | 10.0 |
Fuel Used
[edit]The body uses different amounts of energy substrates (carbohydrates or fats) depending on the intensity of the exercise and the VO2 Max of the exerciser. Protein is a third energy substrate, but it contributes minimally and is therefore discounted in the percent contribution graphs reflecting different intensities of exercise. The fuel provided by the body dictates an individual's capacity to increase the intensity level of a given activity. In other words, the intensity level of an activity determines the order of fuel recruitment. Specifically, exercise physiology dictates that low intensity, long duration exercise provides a larger percentage of fat contribution in the calories burned because the body does not need to quickly and efficiently produce energy (i.e., adenosine triphosphate) to maintain the activity. On the other hand, high intensity activity utilizes a larger percentage of carbohydrates in the calories expended because its quick production of energy makes it the preferred energy substrate for high intensity exercise. High intensity activity also yields a higher total caloric expenditure.[3]
VO2 max acts as a key determinant of fuel usage during exercise. Higher VO2 Max individuals can sustain higher intensities in the "fat-burning zone" before shifting to carbohydrates, enhancing their endurance and efficiency.
This table outlines the estimated distribution of energy consumption at different percentages of VO2 Max.[8]
| Intensity (% of VO2 Max) | % Fat | % Carbohydrate | Fuel Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 85 | 15 | Most energy from fatty acids. |
| 65 | 50 | 50 | Equal contribution from fatty acids, and carbohydrates. |
| 85 | 40 | 60 | Decreased fatty acid usage, high reliance on carbohydrates. |
These estimates are valid only when glycogen reserves are able to cover the energy needs. If a person depletes their glycogen reserves after a long workout (a phenomenon known as "hitting the wall"), the body will use mostly fat for energy (known as "second wind"). Ketones, produced by the liver, will slowly buildup in concentration in the blood, the longer that the person's glycogen reserves have been depleted, typically due to starvation or a low carb diet (βHB 3 - 5 mM). Prolonged aerobic exercise, where individuals "hit the wall" can create post-exercise ketosis; however, the level of ketones produced are smaller (βHB 0.3 - 2 mM).[9][10]
| Exercise intensity (WMax) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At rest | 40%Wmax
Very low-intensity |
55%Wmax
Low-intensity |
75%Wmax
Moderate-intensity | ||
| Percent of substrate
contribution to total energy expenditure |
Plasma glucose | 44% | 10% | 13% | 18% |
| Muscle glycogen | - | 35% | 38% | 58% | |
| Plasma free fatty acids | 56% | 31% | 25% | 15% | |
| Other fat sources
(intramuscular and lipoprotein-derived triglycerides) |
- | 24% | 24% | 9% | |
| Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
| Total energy expenditure (kJ min-1) | 10 | 50 | 65 | 85 | |
High Intensity Exercise in Pregnancy
[edit]The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that pregnant women engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise weekly to promote maternal and fetal health. [12]Different parameters for high-intensity exercise have been researched to educate and determine their safety for the mother and fetus.
Studies support that an acute bout of high-intensity exercise in active pregnant women does not lead to fetal distress or adverse effects. Results were also similar in maternal and fetal responses to moderate-intensity and high-intensity training. Both intensity exercises were associated with normal maternal and fetal cerebral blood flow responses. It also showed healthy circulation in the fetus and mother, demonstrating vasodilation and improved placental perfusion.[13]
Current evidence suggests that high-intensity exercises may be well-tolerated by healthy, active pregnant women in their late second and third trimesters.[14] The frequency, type, time, and volume of these exercises should be individually tailored to the patient, prescribed, and conducted by medical professionals and exercise specialists. Pregnant women are also advised not to participate in activities that will increase their heart rate to above 90% of their known maximum heart rate.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Fitness Fundamentals: Guidelines for Personal Exercise Programs". www.fitness.gov. The President's Council of Physical Fitness and Sports. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- ^ VO2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know. Levine, B.D. Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, TX 75231. The Journal of Physiology, 2008 Jan 1;586(1):25-34. Epub 2007 Nov 15.
- ^ a b c d Vehrs, P., Ph.D. (2011). Physical activity guidelines. In Physiology of exercise: An incremental approach (pp. 351-393). Provo, UT: BYU Academic Publishing.
- ^ Di Donato, Danielle; West, Daniel; Churchward-Venne, Tyler; et al. (2014). "Influence of aerobic exercise intensity on myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis in young men during early and late postexercise recovery". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 306 (9): E1025–E1032. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00487.2013. PMC 4010655. PMID 24595306. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ^ Persinger, Rachel; Foster, Carl; Gibson, Mark; Fater, Dennis C. W.; Porcari, John P. (2004). "Consistency of the talk test for exercise prescription". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 36 (9): 1632–1636. ISSN 0195-9131. PMID 15354048.
- ^ Foster, Carl; Porcari, John P.; Anderson, Jennifer; Paulson, Melissa; Smaczny, Denise; Webber, Holly; Doberstein, Scott T.; Udermann, Brian (2008). "The Talk Test as a Marker of Exercise Training Intensity". Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 28 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1097/01.HCR.0000311504.41775.78. ISSN 1932-7501. PMID 18277826.
- ^ Elmahgoub, S. S.; Calders, P.; Lambers, S.; et al. (2011). "The effect of combined exercise training in adolescents who are overweight or obese with intellectual disability: The role of training frequency". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25 (8): 2274–2282. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f11c41. PMID 21734606. S2CID 38959989.
- ^ "Calories Burned Running Calculator". 29 October 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ Koeslag, J. H.; Noakes, T. D.; Sloan, A. W. (April 1980). "Post-exercise ketosis". The Journal of Physiology. 301: 79–90. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013190. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1279383. PMID 6997456.
- ^ Evans, Mark; Cogan, Karl E.; Egan, Brendan (1 May 2017). "Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation". The Journal of Physiology. 595 (9): 2857–2871. doi:10.1113/JP273185. ISSN 1469-7793. PMC 5407977. PMID 27861911.
- ^ van Loon, L. J.; Greenhaff, P. L.; Constantin-Teodosiu, D.; Saris, W. H.; Wagenmakers, A. J. (1 October 2001). "The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans". The Journal of Physiology. 536 (Pt 1): 295–304. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00295.x. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 2278845. PMID 11579177.
- ^ CDC (29 October 2024). "Pregnant & Postpartum Activity: An Overview". Physical Activity Basics. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ Wowdzia, Jenna B.; Hazell, Tom J.; Berg, Emily R. Vanden; Labrecque, Lawrence; Brassard, Patrice; Davenport, Margie H. (1 September 2023). "Maternal and Fetal Cardiovascular Responses to Acute High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Exercise During Pregnancy: A Randomized Crossover Trial". Sports Medicine. 53 (9): 1819–1833. doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01858-5. ISSN 1179-2035. PMID 37213048.
- ^ Beetham, Kassia S.; Giles, Courtney; Noetel, Michael; Clifton, Vicki; Jones, Jacqueline C.; Naughton, Geraldine (7 August 2019). "The effects of vigorous intensity exercise in the third trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 19 (1): 281. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2441-1. ISSN 1471-2393. PMC 6686535. PMID 31391016.
- ^ Anderson, Julie; Pudwell, Jessica; McAuslan, Colin; Barr, Logan; Kehoe, Jessica; Davies, Gregory A. (December 2021). "Acute fetal response to high-intensity interval training in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 46 (12): 1552–1558. doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-1086. hdl:1807/108271. ISSN 1715-5312. PMID 34433004.